The genus Yersinia consists of 17 different species (Reuter et al., 2014 Savin et al., 2014). Although the human pathogens within the genus are closely related to each other, they cause diverse diseases. pestis, the causative agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague, is one of the most virulent organisms known (Chauhan et al., 2016). pseudotuberculosis, well-known human enteropathogens. pestis spreads through fleabites or aerosols, whereas Y. pseudotuberculosis are transmitted via ingestion of contaminated food or water (Bottone, 1997 Perry and Fetherston, 1997 Jalava et al., 2006).
pseudotuberculosis are responsible for a broad range of diseases ranging from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening septicemia (Bottone, 1997). ruckeri is a fish pathogen causing enteric redmouth disease (ERM), mainly in salmonids (Bullock et al., 1978 Busch, 1978). This bacterium contributes to enormous economic losses in aquaculture throughout the world. ruckeri is mostly transmitted through contact with carrier fish (Busch, 1978 Stevenson and Airdrie, 1984). Despite the availability of vaccines, yersiniosis outbreaks still occur in fish farms (Ormsby et al., 2016).
The majority of the ERM outbreaks are caused by the highly pathogenic Y. ruckeri serotype 1 belonging to biotype 1, characterized as motile with phospholipase activity (Romalde and Toranzo, 1993). For a long time, ERM has played a minor role in Norway, with only a few outbreaks per year (Hjeltnes et al., 2017). The first report of a disease outbreak caused by Y. ruckeri among Atlantic salmon was described in Norway in 1985, and this was successfully treated with antibiotics (Sparboe et al., 1986). In recent years, the number of outbreaks in the farmed Atlantic salmon population has substantially increased. The reasons for the most recent outbreaks remain unclear, and Y.
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